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Refractive errors
Cataract & Refractive Surgery
Key Points
- •Refractive errors are the most common cause of correctable visual impairment worldwide, with at least 2.2 billion people having vision impairment globally (WHO, 2023)
- •Myopia: axial length >24 mm, corrected with minus lens; hypermetropia: axial length <22 mm, corrected with plus lens; normal emmetropic axial length is 23.5 mm
- •Cycloplegic refraction is mandatory in children to reveal total (latent + manifest) hypermetropia and prevent under-correction
- •For myopia control in children, outdoor time ≥2 hours/day and low-dose atropine (0.01–0.05%) are the most evidence-based interventions
- •High myopia (≥−6 D) carries significant risk of retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, and glaucoma - requires regular dilated fundus surveillance
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17 more sections are included with the Clinical plan.
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology and causes
- Pathogenesis
- Classification
- Risk factors and associations