Shadab Ahmad
Optometrist, Internship ( UPUMS )
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Retina Vitreous › Myopic macular degeneration
Myopic fundus
International group of experts in high myopia developed a simplified, systematic classification based on a meta-analysis of pathologic myopia (META-PM).Myopic maculopathy was classified into 5 different categories based on atrophic change: Category 0: no macular degenerative lesions Category 1: tessellated fundus only Category 2: diffuse chorioretinal atrophy Category 3: patchy chorioretinal atrophy Category 4: macular atrophy
Oculoplasty › Socket surgery and prosthetics
Phthisis bulbi
Phthisis bulbi denotes end-stage eye disease characterized by shrinkage and disorganization of the eye with the resultant functional loss. The major factors associated with the pathogenesis of phthisis are hypotony, deranged blood-ocular barriers, and inflammation. Common causes include trauma, surgery, infection, inflammation, malignancy, retinal detachment, and vascular lesions. A phthisical globe shows a small squared off shape, opaque and thickened cornea, thickened sclera, neovascularization of iris, cataract, cyclitic membrane, ciliochoroidal detachment, and retinal detachment. Microscopic features include internal disorganization, inflammatory reaction, a reactive proliferation of various cells, calcification, and ossification. A mnemonic rule used to describe phthisis bulbi is ''7S" referring to an eye that is: Soft - Shrunken - Shapeless - Sightless - Structureless - Squared - Sore. Yanoff and Fine proposed the following descriptive grading system based on clinicopathological features: Grade I : Atrophia bulbi without shrinkage Grade II : Atrophia bulbi with shrinkage Grade III : Atrophia bulbi with shrinkage and disorganization (phthisis bulbi) Grade IV : Phthisis bulbi with intraocular ossification Grade V : Phthisis bulbi with intraocular calcium deposition
Cornea › Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis
Simple allergic conjunctivitis can be classified into 3 subtypes: acute, seasonal, and perennial. Additionally, allergic conjunctivitis encompasses a broad range of conditions, including seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC).Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is another condition that arises from contact lens use or ocular prostheses-related microtrauma. Simple allergic conjunctivitis, including acute, seasonal, and perennial forms, is an immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type I) triggered by direct contact between an allergen and the ocular surface. VKC is believed to involve IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and T-cell involvement in the immune response. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis appears to be a combination of delayed-type (Type IV) and immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reactions to ocular allergen exposure. Giant papillary conjunctivitis occurs secondary to direct mechanical irritation or injury, leading to an immune response involving Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
Cornea › Stevens-Johnson syndrome — ocular manifestations
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a dermatologic emergency, characterized by the presence of epidermal and mucosal bullous lesions involving less than 10% of the total body surface area (TBSA) Bilateral conjunctival hyperemia with purulent discharge is the most common ocular finding at initial presentation and is seen in 78% of acute SJS cases. Conjunctivitis may present prior, during or following the development of skin eruptions. As the disease course progresses, inflammatory changes to the ocular surface may lead to the development of bulbar and conjunctival ulcerations with subsequent pseudomembrane formation, epithelial sloughing, anterior uveitis, panophthalmitis, corneal ulceration, and corneal perforation. There is a high correspondence between sites of bulbar and tarsal conjunctival ulceration in the acute phase and development of symblepharon, subconjunctival scarring, and posterior lid margin keratinization in the late phase of SJS. For this reason, it is highly recommended that individuals with SJS with ocular involvement receive thorough exams, including eversion the upper and lower lids to check for sites of bulbar and palpebral conjunctival ulceration. Doing so will allow early recognition and intervention that will lessen the likelihood of these late phase manifestations of SJS and spare the cornea insults secondary to these adnexal changes.
Retina Vitreous › Branch retinal vein occlusion
BRVO
BRVO typically happens when an inflexible, hardened artery compresses a retinal vein at an intersection. This slows blood flow and allows a clot to form. You are at a higher risk if you have: High blood pressure DiabetesGlaucoma Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
Cornea › Bacterial keratitis
Microsporidial keratitis
Microsporidial keratitis is a rare corneal infection caused by microsporidia, obligate intracellular parasites, typically contracted through eye exposure to contaminated soil, mud, or water, or via ocular trauma. It presents in two forms: Keratoconjunctivitis (Superficial): More common in immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV/AIDS), though increasingly seen in healthy individuals. Presents with red eye, foreign-body sensation, and coarse, grayish-white epithelial lesions. Stromal Keratitis: Predominant in immunocompetent patients, causing deep stromal infiltrates that mimic herpetic keratitis and often requiring surgical intervention. Diagnosis Corneal scrapings/biopsy under light microscopy (Giemsa, calcofluor white, or Weber stains) PCR testing for species identification
Glaucoma › Pigmentary glaucoma
Krukenberg spindle
A Krukenberg spindle is a vertical, spindle-shaped pattern of pigment deposited on the inner surface of the cornea. It is a classic hallmark of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS), a condition where iris pigment rubs off and floats into the eye's fluid, and can eventually lead to Pigmentary Glaucoma.